WORD FORMATION PROCESS OF GEN Z SLANG IN CALLAHAN'S GENERATION Z DICTIONARY

Slang, either the form or the meaning is flexible and temporary, which can change anytime depending on the user. This phenomenon also occurs in the trendy slang used by Gen Z . Therefore, this study aims to find out the types of word formation process in Gen Z slang. It focuses only on Gen Z slang that is in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary. Further, this study is corpus-based, using qualitative analysis in investigating the types of word formation process in Gen Z slang. To analyze the corpus, there are two steps used that are classifying and interpreting. The finding reveals that there are eight types of word formation process, which influence in forming the Gen Z slang. Those types are fanciful formation, compounding, blending, clipping, conversion, suffixation, multiple process, and reduplicative. Among those types, compounding is the most used. There are ten slang terms come through this types of process and this study presents all types of compounding. Those types are compound noun with one slang term, compound adjective with five slang terms, and compound verb with four slang terms. In conclusion, Gen Z slang is formed through eight types of the word formation process and compounding is the most used.


Introduction
New words keep coming, certainly they often come from informal language rather than formal language. It is because the use of it is more casual and spontaneous. People use the informal language when they talk with their family and their friends. One of the informal languages that is used especially among teenagers is slang. Slang is known as a kind of language that belongs to a group or a community in society, which is the meaning of slang may not be understood to all. Further, besides as a communication tool, it also uses as an identity among people in a group. Moreover, in the past, slang was commonly associated as a language for uneducated people or for criminals yet, nowadays it is a language that carries nuance of trendiness. It is because slang develops in line with the trends of modern society.
As a language that follows the trend, slang keeps up-to-date into new one based on the needs of the users. Further, nowadays, the new slang is slang used by teenagers at this time who are categorised as Gen Z. Gen Z is a group of people who were born in 1995-2010, in the era of digital (Bejtkovsky, 2016;Gaidhani, 2019). Therefore, based on their birth year, teenagers are categorised as members of this generation.
As a generation who was born in different eras with their elders, Gen Z has their own slang. Their slang contain new form with new meaning or just new meaning that different from slang in the past. It is because they create or modify slang due to fulfil their language needs. They use their slang in order to keep insider in and outsider out or to exclude passers-by from their conversation. For example, when they want to keep secrets from adults, of course they do not use the same slang as the adults'. Hence, they need new slang that is just understood among them, and then their secrets can be kept. For instance of their slang is suh. It is a short way to say what'sup. From the form, it is hard to define that suh is same as what's up. Most people may be familiar with what's up but may not be with suh. People, specifically older may think that it is not English.
Related to the explanation above, it can be concluded that Gen Z creates or modifies their slang as they want and they use it as an identity. Further,the Gen Z slang commonly is hard to be understood chiefly by elders either the form or the meaning. Moreover, the slang is temporary and flexible either the form or the meaning hence, it can change anytime following the users' wish. Therefore, their slang is needed to be documented and through this research, the researcher wanted to study their slang by focusing on finding and determining the forms and types of word formation process of their slang.
Moreover, there are lots of sources that collect the Gen Z slang as well as in personal blogs or in dictionaries in order to share about a language that is used by teens. Dictionary is a medium used to store words in order to maintain them. One of the dictionaries that collects the Gen Z slang is Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary. It is a restricted dictionary that contains only the Gen Z slang. This dictionary was made by James Callahan, a sociology teacher at a high school in Massachusetts. It was released in 2019 with 73 slang terms, which means it is a new and a small dictionary. Yet, it became the viral dictionary since it had already been talked about in some online newspapers such as in USA Today and Metro.co.uk. Moreover, besides in online newspaper, it also got positive comments from titter users when it was posted on twitter.
Consequently, based on the strength of this dictionary, the researcher decided to use it as the subject of this research. Further, to investigate the types of word formation process of Gen Z slang that is in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary, the researcher applied the combination theory of Mattiello (2008). There are 15 types of word formation process that proposed by them such as etymology, coinage and fanciful formation, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, back-formation, conversion, acronyms and initialism, prefixation, infixation, suffixation, multiple processes, reduplicatives, and reversed forms.
The focus of this research is finding out the types of word formation process of Gen Z slang that is in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary.

Theoretical Underpinning Morphology
A study of how words are created is called morphology. Further, Akunna (2012, p. 10) states that morphology refers to a study that talks about internal structure of words. It includes the study of word formation, which allows us to investigate the properties that construct a word. Those definitions show that when talking about the way of composing or building words, then technically it discusses about morphology.

Word Formation Process
A word appears in a language does not merely just coming through without passing any process. The scholars of linguistics such as Katamba (1993), O'Grady andGuzman (1997), and Yule (2010) had already investigated this case and they agreed that there is a process which interferes in forming of a new word which called word formation process. Word formation process is a way of adding new words in a language (Meyer, 2009, p. 151). Further, Lieber (2009 states that this process makes words experience change either the part of speech or the additional substantial meaning or both, the part of speech and additional substantial meaning. Moreover in creating new words, there are at least a pair of words that combined together (Lieb, 2013, p. 10). Therefore, word formation process refers to a process of creating or modifying new words where towards this process, the words will appear differently as well as the word classes, the meaning, or event both the word classes and the meaning.
In the process of forming words, there are some experts that have their own types of it such as Lieber (2009, p. 43-53). He has eight types of word formation process; affixation, compound, conversion, coinage, back-formation, blending, acronyms and initialisms, and clipping. On the other hand, Delahunty and Garvey (2010, p. 136) just have six types of word formation process such as derivation, compounding, coining, abbreviating, blending, and borrowing. However, for the need of this research, the researcher prefers using a combination theory of Mattiello (2008) and Yule's (2010). Based on their theory, there are 15 types of word formation process such as etymology, coinage and fanciful formation, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms and initialism, prefixation, infixation, suffixation, multiple processes, reduplicatives, and reversed forms.

Types of Word Formation Process
Based on the combination theory of Mattiello (2008) and Yule's (2010), there are 15 types of word formation process. For the further explanation as below:

Etymology
According to Yule (2010, p. 53), etymology is a study about the origin and history of certain words. This means, etymology refers to a study that analyses a word originally and historically.

Coinage and fanciful formation
It is a process where new words are totally invented. Coinage always happens in naming product for commercial brands such as aspirin, nylon, vaseline and zipper (Yule, 2010, p. 53).
Fanciful formation has a similar definition with coinage where new words experience complete invention or come from unknown base (Mattiello, 2008, p. 155). However, it is different from coinage where words from fanciful process are not for trade-mark purpose but used in general. For example, lallapaloosa, slumgullion, and whifflow.

Borrowing
According to Yule (2010, p. 54), this is a process of producing new words by adopting from other languages.

Compounding
Compounding means a combination of two words or more in forming new words (Yule, 2010, p. 55). This process is known as a process that often occurs in English and German words-building process. Common English compound words are bookcase, doorknob and fingerprint. Further,in slang, constituents of compound are occupied by several parts of speech but, the rarest are preposition, numeral, and pronouns (Mattiello, 2008, p. 72).
Moreover, compound can be found in inconsistent written form where it can be written together, separately, and with a hyphen. According to Mattiello (2008, p. 73-84), compound is divided into some types such as compound noun, compound adjective, and compound verb.

Compound noun
Noun is the largest extensive syntactic class of slang compound. Compound noun derives from several types of base categories of compound, yet the most common are two nouns such as house-man or adjective + noun such as main man. Besides of the two base categories, compound noun also is created from combination of verb + noun (sawbones; "surgeon"), adverb + noun (outside man; "a person involved in robbery"), numeral + noun (four-eyes; "a person who habitually wears spectacles'), and there are possible combinations bases that occur in a few casessuch as the first base is nominal or verb while the following bases can be a verb (look-see; "a survey"), an adverb (speakeasy; "an illicit liquor shop"), a preposition (beer-up; "a drinking-bout or party"), a numeral (Section Eight; "Military slang"),and the last is combination of adjective that is followed by an adverb (low down; "the fundamental facts on (about) a person or situation").

Compound verb
Compound verb is a kind of slang compound that is mostly comes from conversion of noun to verb such as eye-ball(n)to eyeball (v).Further, for the detail, components that build of compound verb such as combination of verb + noun, (kick ass; "act roughly"), noun + verb (skin-pop; "inject a drug subcutaneously"), verb + numeral (stop one; "take a drink"), noun + noun (eyeball; "look or stare at"), and adjectives + noun (bad-mouth; "criticize"). Noun + noun and adjective + noun are usually called as pseudo compound.

Blending
According to Mattiello (2008, p. 138), blending is a process of merging parts of words in order to create words.Further, in detail, Yule defines blending as a process of forming words by combining two different words to be one where typically, it just taking the beginning part of a word and then joining it to the end part of the another word ( 2010, p. 55). Moreover, blending has two types such as prototypical blends and partial blends (Mattiello, 2008, p. 139-141).

Prototypical blends
This types refers to process of merging two part of words that were left through a process of deletion. The remains part of the words consist of the head part of a word and the tail part of another word.

Partial blends
Partial blend means a process of blending two words where one of them is still intact. This means that either the first or the second does not get any deletion or remains intact when this process happens. Further, this process also form new word by inserting a word within another word.

Clipping
Clipping is a process of shortening exist words by deleting one or more syllables (Yule, 2010, p. 56). Similarly, Mattiello (2008, p. 141) defines clipping as a process of abridging a word to produce new version of the word itself. Furthermore, words that come up from clipping experience changing forms from long to short. Moreover, clipping has three types such as back-clipping, fore-clipping, and clipped compounds.

Back-clipping
Slang terms that are from this process are numerous and parts of speech that primarily occur in this process are noun and adjective while verb is just a few words (Mattiello, 2008, p. 142). Further, Mattiello also defines that back-clipping means the beginning part of a base is retained (2008, p. 142). Fore-clipping Mattiello (2008, p. 142) states that fore-clipping is far less numerous in slang. Further, new words or slang term that are from this process mostly are noun. Foreclipping is abbreviating words by deleting the beginning syllable of the words.

Clipped compounds
Clipped compound is a process of shortening one part of compound words (Mattiello, 2008, p. 147). This process refers to a process of producing new words by erasing a part of compound words. The erasing can be either in the first part or in the second part. However, Mattiello states that words that are erased the second part more common that the first part.

Back-formation
Back-formation is a deletion process where a part of a word is reduced in order to create a new word. In this process, when a word gets deletion, it changes its grammatical category and it usually happens in noun to verb (Yule, 2010, p. 56). Furthermore, part of a word that experience deletion is affixes (Mattiello, 2008, p. 129). For example:

Conversion
Conversion refers to changing function of words without changing form of the words. It is vice versa from back-formation. The other names of this process is category change or function shift (Yule, 2010, p. 57). Furthermore, Mattiello comes with different name such as zero derivation, zero affixation or functional shift. It is because a word that is born from this process will change over its words classes without any addition or reduction affix (Mattiello, 2008, p. 124).

Acronym and initialism
This is a way of forming words that people often get confused to differentiate them. It is because they are identic with first letter of words or phrases. However, Mattiello (2008, p. 135) clearly defines that they have differences. Acronym is a term that formed from initial letters of the words or phrases and it is pronounced as a single word. On the other hand, initialism is a term for words that pronounced separately each letter.

Prefixation
Prefix is a kind of affix that stands in frontof the roots (Yule, 2010, p. 59). Therefore, prefixation is a process of adding prefixes in the root or base. It has a small contribution in forming slang words rather than suffixation (Mattiello, 2008, p. 91). Prefix is placed in front the roots or bases.
According to Mattiello (2008, p. 92-93), there are some member of prefix that compose slang term such as de-, re-,schm-, schm-, super, un-, under-. Prefix de-Prefixde-attaches to the simple verbs to create complex verbs that have the sense of undoing the action of or of depriving (anything) of the thing's character that therein expressed. For example, de-acidify; "undo or reverse to acidifying process". Besides that, it also clings to nouns due to form verbs with the sense of deprive, divest, free form, or rid of the thing in question. For example delouse; "free from something unpleasant" (Mattiello, 2008, p. 92).

Prefix under-
This prefix is matched with nouns in order to name the garments worn under other articles of clothing. For example, undershort and underfug (Mattiello, 2008, p. 93).

Infixation
Infix is a kind of affix that can be found inside another word (Yule, 2010, p. 59). Therefore, infixation is a process of inserting infix in the middle of a word (Mattiello, 2008, p. 123). Still in Mattiello, most of morphologists agree that Standard English has no infix however, in slang it is used. It usually finds in form of expletives words where it is useful for additional emphasis on a word. The base where the infix is inserted can be an adjective, a verb, a noun, a pronoun, an adverb, and an exclamation. Moreover, the most common infixes find in slang are-bally-, -blessed-, -blood-, -blooming-, andfucking-or -fuckin-.

Suffixation
Suffix is a kind of affix that adheres at the end of words (Yule, 2010, p. 59). Hence, suffixation is a process of adding suffixes in the roots or the bases. This process is a process that is often found particularly in forming English slang (Mattiello, 2008, p. 92). As prefix, suffix also cannot stand alone and it attaches at the end of the roots or bases.

Suffix -able
In slang, this suffix is commonly used to form denominal and deverbal adjective such as ropeable, which means "requiring to be roped; intractable". From the verb, rope refers to "tie, bind" while from noun, it means "secure with a rope". This suffix is also useful to convert a verb to a colloquial, such as noshable; "suitable for noshing, tasty, delicious" (Mattiello, 2008, p. 94)

Suffix -ion
In slang, suffix -ion is used to form deverbal noun such as connection; a supplier of narcotics. It is from connect(a verb), which means "meet to obtain drugs" (Mattiello, 2008, p. 94).

Suffix -ed
In slang, suffix -ed is used to form participle adjectives from verbal such as cracked; "unsound in mind". It is also used to change nouns to be adjectives with the sense of provided with, possessing, and characterized by. For example moneyed, toothed, and cultured (Mattiello, 2008, p. 95).

Suffix -ful
In slang, suffix -ful adheres to nouns that indicate parts of human body in order to form new nouns with figurative sense. For example earful; "as much (talk) as one's ears can take in at one time", eyeful; "a good look of something", and skinful; "as much as the skin can hold" (Mattiello, 2008, p. 104).

Suffix -ie and -y
In slang, suffix -ie and -y are employed to form common nouns from proper name hypocoristic. For example, Charlie/-ey from Charles that means "cocaine". Moreover, these suffixes also are commonly used to create a noun with an appellative hypocoristic meaning/function such as for a term of endearment (duckie; "darling"), or sarcastically, they are used for a term that related to a person who belongs to a different country or race (Chinkie/-y/-ey; "a Chinaman"), a person who has unapproved behaviour (junkie/-y/-ey; "a drug addict"), and a person having a distinctive physical condition, defect, or mental deficiency (wheelie/-y; "a person in or confined to a wheelchair"). Further, these suffixes mainly combine with nominal or adjectives bases to gain noun (Mattiello, 2008, p. 104).

Suffix -ing
In slang, suffix -ing is employed to form verbal nouns primarily express action that related to a process, practice, or habit. A verbal noun is a noun derives from a verb. For example, mooching; "begging, loafing"). Besides nouns, this suffix also forms adjectives. Suffix -ing is employed to form participle adjectives. It means, adjectives are obtained from combination of verbs and suffix -ing. For example, corking, which means "unusually fine or excellent" (Mattiello, 2008, p. 109-110).

Suffix -s
In slang, suffix -s is used to create adjectives and nouns. Adjectives derives from combination between suffix -s and nouns. This kind of adjectives refer to general meaning of crazy, mad, or in weakened sense, eccentric, and wildly enthusiastic. For example, nuts which means "insane". While for nouns, they are obtained from adjectives and nouns themself. The meaning of this nouns that born from this combination refer to human skills, feelings, physical, imaginary, and mental diseases. Example for denominal is guts; "energy, verve, courage" and for deadjevctive is smarts; "intelligence, wits". Usually, this type is written with article "the" such as the shits; "diarrhoea" (Mattiello, 2008, p. 116-117).

Multiple Processes
Forming new words does not just involve one process but it can be combining some word formation processes. Furthermore, a kind of process that unites two or more processes in forming new words is called multiple process (Yule, 2010, p. 60).

Reduplicatives
Reduplicatives is a process that refers to a process that plays with sounds (Mattiello, 2008, p. 53). This is meant that new words or new slang that are born from this process experience sound repetition. Still in Mattiello, she divides four types of reduplicatives as follow:

Ablaut reduplicatives
According to Merlini (n.d), this process refers to an alteration of the stress vowels of words (as cited in Mattiello, 2008, p. 131). This is meant that it is a process where the words experience repetition but the sound is different since the stress vowels are changed. Further, Still in Mattiello, words that are from this process can be based on the repetition of the base that is placed either in the left or in the right side or event it has no base. No base means words that are produced from this process completely as an invention of new words.

Rhyming reduplicatives
Rhyming reduplicatives refers to twin shapes that have two rhyming components where one of the shapes reproduce the other by changing its beginning consonant (Mattiello (2008, p. 131). This is meant that in this process, a word is repeated hence it has twin forms but, they have a little different sound since they have different initial consonants.

Rhyming compounds
Rhyming compound is a process motivated by two bases that have related rhyme (Mattiello, 2008, p. 134). This is meant that new words or new slang termsthat are from this process usually come from two different bases that have related rhyme. The base is combined together hence it produces new words or new slang terms.

Copy reduplicatives
Generally, English copy reduplicativesrefer to repetition of a basic constituent that produces the same form of that basic (Mattiello (2008, p. 134). It means that this process involves a base word where that base experience repetition and the result is the same form with it.

Reversed forms
According to Mattiello (2008, p. 149-150), reversed forms is a process where words are created by reversing the way of reading the words. This is meant that words are pronounced backward and it presents different form or meaning when the words are read from forwards. Still in Mattiello, this process commonly appears in slang that used by criminals in order to keep their secret. Further, reversed forms is also called backslang.

Methodology
This research used Corpus-based approach that is an avail method in investigating corpus (Kennedy, 1998as cited in Citraresmana, 2018. Corpus is a collection of authentic data of language used as well as in spoken or written forms (Heigham & Crocker, 2009, p. 309). Further, as a set of data, corpus is made depending on particular purpose of a research (Richard, Platt, andPlatt, 2000 as cited in Zhao, 2015, p. 79) Therefore, in establishing a corpus, different criteria can be appeared based on the focus of an investigation (Muziatun, 2017, p. 62). Moreover, based on the problem statement, the result of this research was needed to be explained and exemplified descriptively, then the researcher applied qualitative analysis. It is as Taylor et al (2016, p. 7) assert that qualitative analysis is suitable for research that deals with descriptive data The corpus of this study is the collection of the Gen Z slang terms that are in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary. Moreover, there are three types of slang terms that are in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary. They are word, phrase, and sentence. However, the researcher did not investigate all of them since the researcher had set criteria due to sort the slang.

Technique of Analysing the Data
There are two steps in analysing the data. After clasifaying and interpreting the data, the finding has been stated.

Finding and Discussion
"There are 33 slang terms that are investigated and among the total slang terms, it is found eight types of word formation process that involved in forming those slang terms. Below is the presentation of the findings.

Discussion
There are eight types of word formation process that are found in 33 slang terms that are investigated from Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary. Those are:

Compounding
It is found that compounding is the most used type of process. Out of 33 slang terms that are presented in findings, there are ten slang terms that are formed through compounding. Among those slang terms, all the types of compounding contributed in the process of creating or modifying the Gen Z. Those are compound noun, adjective, and verb.

Multiple Process
Through this process, there are two processes that combining together and the processes that common in this research are combinations of compoundingsuffixation and blending-fanciful formation. In this research, it is found that the word to can be changed into ta or na.

Suffixation
Related to suffixation, there are five suffixes that contribute in forming the slang such as suffix -s, -ed, -ie,, -o, and -t, Moreover, suffix -t is a new suffix since it is not in the list suffixes that Mattiello provides. Another finding is the function of suffixed. The researcher discovered a new function of this suffix, which is to form a new noun from an exist noun.

Fanciful Formation
In this research, it is found that there are four slang terms that were formed through complete innovation which the base words are unrecognisable. They are nunya, yahurrrd, yurrr, and yerrr.

Clipping
There are four slang terms that are produced by this process and they principally pass through the back-clipping process. Those slang are opp, sis, sus, and tweakin, where all these slang terms experience deletion in the ending part of themselves.

Conversion, Blending, and Reduplicatives
If compounding is the common type of process that is found in this research, then conversion, blending, and reduplicatives are the opposite of it. They are the rarest types of process that involve in forming the Gen Z slang. Each of them has one slang term such as jawn, shitty and mad mad. Specifically, shitty comes from the partial blending process while mad mad is from copy reduplicatives process.

Conclusion
The finding signified that compounding is the most used type of word formation process. It means that the Gen Z slang terms that are in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary mostly are formed by combining bases. However, besides combining bases, this study indicates that the slang terms are also createdby adding suffixes, combining two or more processes, changing the grammatical category, shortening bases and repeating bases. In brief, this study exhibits the diversity of word formation process that ensues in Gen Z slang in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary. Nevertheless, the finding of this research just prevails for Gen Z slang term that are in Callahan's Generation Z Dictionary and it cannot be generalized.