CODE MIXING ANALYSIS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' CONVERSATION

: Many people can speak more than one language, but some communicate with two or more languages and can use both languages with similar abilities. They can talk in one language and mix it with another language. This phenomenon exists among teenagers, specifically in some parts of Jakarta areas. This paper aims to analyze code-mixing in Indonesian conversation among students at SMA 99 Jakarta. The students' code-mixing was analyzed based on the forms of each English utterance in the Indonesian language. The methodology used in this study was descriptive qualitative with 15 participants. The data were collected through an online interview conducted using the Zoom video call instrument. During the video call at Zoom, the writers asked questions using the informal Indonesian language. Some questions concern favorite movies, activities during the Covid-19 pandemic, applications for listening to songs, and vacation. Those conversations were recorded and stored as data for analysis. The results taken from the recording showed that there were 49 different English words mixed in students' Indonesian conversations. Besides, based on the contexts, all data in the forms of code-mixing of words, phrases, and clauses were explained. The results showed that students at SMA 99 Jakarta indeed used English mixing code in their conversation in informal Indonesian. It is ubiquitous to mix English into the Indonesian contexts in their community. Since it became their habit of mixing English in the Indonesian interaction and the exposure of the surroundings to English, most of them can speak English very well.


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A: "Mama gue udah nanyain nih. Mama lu kalau nanyain tempat hang out sampai detail gitu nggak, sih?" B: "Sometimes sih, mama gue nggak begitu peduli kalo masalah tempat nongkrong." It can be seen in the conversation above that teenagers mix two languages in one conversation. They do this because they usually use a unique language only understood by their circle. It is due to the desire to be different from other groups. In addition, they also feel existential and confident in using that type of language.
The use of mixed languages among young people also occurs in East Jakarta, Cibubur. The Code-mixing phenomenon in South Jakarta has spread to Cibubur. Speakers affected by this language are high school students. These students follow today's trend: language development from purely Indonesian into mixing some English expressions. However, high school students only use mixed English codes in Indonesian conversations in certain situations, such as hanging out. They use mixed languages to communicate with friends of the same age and are in one group. The age range of speakers who experience the mixing code in Jakarta is 15 to 18 years. They are high school students who are still actively studying at school. The name of the school is SMA 99 Jakarta. SMA 99 Jakarta is one of the favorite public high schools in Jakarta. Many bilingual high school students attend this school. That is why we chose high school students of SMA 99 Jakarta as the subjects of this study from classes X, XI, and XII.
According to Wardhaugh & Fuller (2015), code-mixing is a change in using one language to another with more or less similar ability. Code mixing is a language transition that still adapts to the situation and occurs between the languages used. In the case of this research, it mostly happens in the discussion among high school students. Therefore, this research focused on discussing code-mixing in high school students of SMA 99 in Jakarta. This research is significant because it is a unique phenomenon that happens nowadays. Many other circles feel confused about the language they use. A mixed-language like that is certainly not understood by everyone since most young people in a particular domain dominate this specific language mix in South Jakarta. As a result, the phenomenon of South Jakarta's language becomes viral and is of some linguists' interest. The research questions for this study regard the frequent words that are mixswitching among the students of SMA 99 Jakarta and the forms of the English terms in informal Indonesian.

THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING
According to Sapir (1921), language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires through a system of voluntarily produced symbols. Language is the most crucial communication tool compared to others. Language is an expression that intends to convey something to other people. The listener can understand something that the speaker intends through the language expressed. Language is a means of communication, so everything related to communication cannot be separated from language. Apart from being a means of communication, language also has an essential meaning as a learning method in the scope of language itself.
Sociolinguistics is the field of science that studies language concerning the use of language in society. Some linguists define sociolinguistics differently. Holmes (2013) says that sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. The meaning of sociolinguistics conveyed by experts, especially linguists, relates to language with activities or aspects in society. So, it can be interpreted that sociolinguistics is the study or discussion of language used by speakers as members of the community. Sociolinguistics studies and discusses aspects of language in society, differences in language related to social factors. The use of language in these societies includes language variations. These language variations relate to time, community, and geography. According to Hartmann & Stork (1972:27), bilingualism uses two languages by a speaker or speech community. Bilingualism is a condition in which a person uses two languages interchangeably in his/her social interactions. Bilingualism does not refer to processes but conditions. It is a habit of bilingual speakers who speak alternately in two languages. To use these two languages, the speaker must be able to master both languages. The first language is his/her mother tongue, while the second language is another language that they can master well. A bilingual speaker speaks, uses, and mixes the two languages when communicating with other persons. The habit of using bilingualism applies individually and in groups.
Code-mixing occurs when a speaker uses two languages to change from one language to another in one speech (Wardhaugh & Fuller, 2015). Code-mixing is the event of mixing two languages in a conversation. It occurs when using one language by consistently including elements of other languages in a conversation. Supposedly, someone mixes two languages without any particular situation and is done in a conscious state. In that case, the speaker has experienced code-mixing using his/her speech, for example, English words in Indonesian. It can be said that the speaker has been done code-mixing since they deliver their speech in both languages simultaneously. It can be concluded that code-mixing is the use of two languages together in one speech. According to Suwito (1985:78), differentiating code-mixing can be seen based on the language elements. There are four different types of code-mixing, namely: 1. Insertion of elements in the form of words; 2. Insertion of elements in the form of phrases; 3. Insertion of elements in the form of expressions and idioms; 4. Insertion of elements in the form of clauses.

METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted in SMA 99 Jakarta from August 2020 to January 2021. The use of language by students in everyday life, especially at school, was the main subject of this research. The participants were 15 students who were still actively studying at the school. Of the 15 students, one student came from class X, five from class XI, and nine from class XII.
The methodology used in this study was the descriptive qualitative method. Data collection was gathered from the interview results, recorded, the scripts were written and then analyzed. Besides, the Direct Elemental Sharing (DES) technique was used at the beginning of the analysis. It means that the data were divided into several parts or elements. The elements concerned are seen as parts directly from the lingual unit in question (Sudaryanto, 1993: 31).
Due to the covid-19 pandemic, the interviews (casual and non-formal communication) were conducted using the Zoom Video Call application. The topics for the interviews concern 1. students' activities during the Covid -19 pandemic; 2. student's favorite song; 3. favorite artist, and 4. tourist destination if they were on vacation; In addition, the Google Form instrument was also delivered to get some information about students' full name, age, address, telephone number, grade, and school. Furthermore, the students need to fill in the forms concerning their language fluency and daily language.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The results were classified into two parts: the first concerning the frequent English words inserted in Indonesian conversation; the second was the forms of code-mixing, which were categorized into words, phrases, and clauses.

The Frequent English Words Inserted into Indonesian
As stated in Table 1, the words frequently uttered are from the most until the least spoken. There were 49 English words inserted in the Indonesian conversation as code-mixing. They were divided into three categories: the most frequent, sometimes, and rare.

Table 1 English words frequently inserted in Indonesian conversation
Most frequent 11-15 students Sometimes 4-8 students Rare 1-3 students Stay, since, sometimes, okay I, online, prefer, learning, wish, of, but, think, just, honestly, course, your, like, and, free, nope/no, so, is Up, offline, really, good, luck, handphone, or, because, welcome, extreme, with, which, mostly, download, skip, nervous, view, actually, chat, give, usually, upgrade, better, vibe, even, effort, excited The most frequently used words in Table 1 included stay, since, sometimes, okay. Stay is a verb that means to live or be in a place for a short time (Cambridge online dictionary). Students use stay to explain where they live in the student's data. The term stay in their talks is different from the real meaning. The word since is a preposition, conjunction, and adverb that refer to a certain time and a conjunction to introduce a reason (Cambridge online dictionary). In students' utterances, the mix-code of the word 'since' is suitable to the word's meaning.
"Sometimes" is included in the adverb of frequency. Other words included in this category are always, usually, often, etc. Those words are familiar to students, but "sometimes" is the most frequently used. Furthermore, the most frequent terms are usually categorized in colloquial language, which means our daily use in everyday conversation. "Okay" is pronounced similar to oke in Indonesian, so both are easily mixed.

The Form of Code Mixing
The forms of code-mixing explained in this study are categorized into three: words, phrases, and clauses. The following is a discussion of the data that has been obtained. Table 2 describes the data spoken by the students when they were interviewed using the Zoom application. From the total 15 participants, only nine students' utterances were elaborated as the representative of all students. From the data, the explanation about the code-mixing was described to show that the code-mixing was an alternative choice of codes. The following are some examples of the existence of the English code in Indonesian utterances spoken by the SMA 99 students.

No. Data Explanation
A "Sometimes pas aku lagi online learning gitu malah disuruh beli ini beli itu ke warung sama orang tua. So kan aku ngerasa kaya banyak pikiran jadinya, belum jadi males dengerin karna cape udah dirusuh keluar rumah gitu." When the researcher asked student A about the online learning system, she answered by mixing Indonesian with several English words. The English words used in the conversation are 'sometimes and so'. The student used the term 'sometimes' to estimate the time that he spent in online learning. In contrast, the word 'so' shows the effects of activities that distract the student.
B "Aku sih prefer buat nonton dirumah kak, lebih hemat gitu loh, jadi ga terlalu banyak ngeluarin duit gitu kak. Sama flexible di waktu juga. Makanya aku prefer nonton dirumah disbanding di bioskop." The English words used in the conversation consist of 'prefer and flexible'. Student B uses the word 'prefer' to explain that he would rather watch it at home than in the cinema. The term 'flexible' is used to describe that watching at home is more adaptable.
C "Mostly aku dengerin lagu tuh di Spotify kak, karna lebih enak aja dibanding apps yg lain. kalo Spotify tuh lebih update dibanding yg lain. And sekarang juga udah ada liriknya kalo di spotify." The words' mostly and update' are used in this conversation. Student C used the word 'mostly' to tell the apps he frequently uses to listen to songs. The term 'update' is used to explain the advantage of Spotify compared to other applications.
From code-mixing explained in Table 2, the English words mixed in the Indonesian utterances were sometimes, so, prefer, flexible, mostly, update. Those are words included in everyday word expressions. It means that the words are very frequently 137 used so that students will mix the words with ease. We admitted that the data in this research were limited. It will be better if more data gain so that the frequent English words that occurred in code-mixing will be more accurate.

Code Mixing in the Form of Phrases
Apart from words inserted in the students' conversation, they also mix more than one word or phrase in their utterances. This phenomenon is in accordance with the findings proposed by Suwito (1985:78). He argued that the insertion of phrases also existed in students' code-mixing.

Code Mixing in the Form of Clauses
Code mixing related to the form of clauses had been proposed by Suwito (1985: 78). One of the six different types of code-mixing is the insertion of elements in the form of clauses. Table 4 presents some examples of how students of SMA 99 Jakarta mix-code their English phrases in Indonesian utterances.